by: Dr Rohit Bansil
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. For many people, seizures can be controlled with medication, but for some, these medications are not effective. When epilepsy cannot be managed with drug therapy alone, epilepsy surgery may be considered as a treatment option. Epilepsy surgery aims to reduce or eliminate seizures by removing or altering the area of the brain where seizures originate.
Types of Epilepsy Surgery
There are several types of epilepsy surgery, and the approach depends on the nature and location of the seizure focus, as well as the patient’s overall health and seizure history.
1. Resective Surgery: The most common type of surgery for epilepsy is resective surgery, where the brain tissue responsible for initiating seizures is surgically removed. The most well-known procedure is the lobectomy, which involves the removal of part of the brain. For example, in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, the temporal lobe may be resected to stop seizures.
2. Laser Ablation: Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a less invasive technique than traditional resective surgery. It involves inserting a thin laser fiber into the brain through a small incision. The laser delivers focused heat to the seizure focus, causing it to shrink and stop seizures.
3. Corpus Callosotomy: This procedure is generally used for patients who suffer from generalized seizures that affect both sides of the brain. A corpus callosotomy involves cutting the corpus callosum, which is the bundle of nerves connecting the two hemispheres of the brain. This limits the spread of seizure activity from one side to the other.
4. Hemispherectomy: In severe cases, where the seizures are uncontrollable and the affected hemisphere of the brain is not essential for motor or cognitive function, a hemispherectomy may be performed. This involves the removal or disconnection of one half of the brain to prevent seizures.
5. Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS): This is a more recent option for patients who are not candidates for resective surgery. RNS involves implanting a device in the brain that detects seizure activity and sends electrical impulses to stop the seizure before it starts.
Candidates for Epilepsy Surgery
Not everyone with epilepsy is a candidate for surgery. Ideal candidates are those who have tried multiple medications without success and have well-defined, localized areas of the brain responsible for the seizures. Doctors typically use a variety of diagnostic techniques to assess whether surgery is a viable option. These include brain imaging (MRI, PET scans), electroencephalography (EEG), and functional brain mapping, which helps identify the areas of the brain that control critical functions such as movement, speech, and memory.
Benefits of Epilepsy Surgery
For many patients, epilepsy surgery can significantly improve their quality of life. The primary benefit is the potential for seizure freedom or at least a significant reduction in the frequency and severity of seizures. In some cases, seizures may be completely eliminated. Even if seizures are not completely eradicated, surgery may lead to a substantial reduction, making it easier for patients to live more independently and engage in activities they previously could not.
Risks and Considerations
As with any surgery, there are risks associated with epilepsy surgery. These include infection, bleeding, and neurological complications such as cognitive changes or weakness. The specific risks depend on the area of the brain being operated on. However, the overall risk of significant complications is relatively low, and advancements in surgical techniques have improved safety and outcomes.
In conclusion, epilepsy surgery offers hope to many individuals who have not responded to medications. By carefully selecting candidates and employing advanced surgical techniques, epilepsy surgery can provide lasting relief and significantly improve the lives of those affected by this challenging condition. However, it is important for patients to thoroughly discuss the risks and benefits with their healthcare team before proceeding with surgery.
Author is a Associate Director- Neurosurgery & Neuro-spine, BLK-Max Super Specialty Hospital, New Delhi
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